Stephen M. Reilly

Professor, Biological Sciences

Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Director, Ohio Center for Ecology & Evolutionary Studies

OCEES www.ocees.ohio.edu

Ph. D. 1986, Southern Illinois University

Evolutionary & Functional Morphology

Email: reilly@ohiou.edu

Life Sciences Building 129

Telephone: (740) 593-0424 Fax: (-0300)

Department Office (-2290)

Address: Dr. Stephen M. Reilly

Department of Biological Sciences

Athens OH 45701

NEW BOOK

Research Interests

Evolutionary and Functional Morphology

My research integrates morphological, biomechanical, functional, and developmental analyses to study how ontogeny, ecology, and phylogeny affect vertebrate design and function. This involves experimental and morphometric approaches to the analysis of form and function in organisms, testing organismal performance in the lab and field, and ecomorphological approaches to the study of resource use. Current research in the lab is focusing on vertebrate locomotion and feeding.

Please see our websites for information for Graduate and Undergraduate programs of study. Ohio University and the Department of Biological Sciences offers several avenues for undergraduate research opportunities, funding, and honors research programs. See research publications in orange and this feature article for examples of undergraduate research projects in my lab.

Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of a full grown Siren intermedia.

Anatomy and Morphometrics

Morphology is analyzed using a computer-interfaced video analysis system and quantitative morphometrics to describe and compare individual structures and their shapes. Development is quantified by tracking anatomical structures visualized in ontogenetic series using conventional staining and clearing techniques and allometric and thin-plate-spline analyses are to quantify shape change and study heterochrony.

Much of my recent research has focused on the metamorphosis of cranial morphology and feeding function in lower vertebrates, the evolution of neoteny and paedomorphosis in salamanders, and the use of ontogenetic morphological data in systematics. My new student Mike Jorgenson is beginning a study of the raltionship between larval skull chape ontogenies and the difference in adult skull shape in frogs.

Current studies of interpopulation variation in trophic morphology and morphological correlates of locomotor gait and mechanics in lizards are underway. In addition, my Ph.D. student Eric McElroy is working on a large scale comparative study of lizard limb anatomy in relation to gait, biomechaincs and actual locomotor relevance in the field. Previous students have studied correlates of head design and foraging mode in lizards (Lance McBrayer), a comparative analysis of the functional morphology and biomechanics flying squirrels (Rick Essner), and an analysis of the tadpole head anatomy and function (Pete Larson).

Functional Morphology and Performance

Simultaneous high-speed video (100 - 1000 fields per second) and electromyography (up to 14 channels) are used to quantify behavioral movements and muscle activity patterns. Custom software are used to digitize and quantify kinematic and EMG data. Organismal performance is tested in the laboratory and the field to link morphology to ecology and resource use. The integration of these approaches allows empirical tests of a broad spectrum of biological phenomena and hypotheses.

Japanese quail (top) and the lizard Sceloporus clarkii (below) running on a treadmill while EMG's from hindlimb limb muscles are being recorded.

Tadpole feeding motor patterns

Click on tadpole image for video

New Force Plate Technologies for studying whole body mechanics

The latest addition to our quantitative methods are several force plate systems from which ground reaction forces

can be recorded in small vertebrates. We are recording data from a variety of vertebrates including possums, lizards,

salamanders, and recently tuataras! These devices and virtual instruments to record, scale and filter force records

and to crunch mechanical energy fluctuations were developed with National Science Foundation support with the

assistance of John Bertram, David Lee, and Kay Earls .

Functional morphological data quantifying kinematic, motor pattern and force dynamics form a necessary basis for

convincing functional inferences that can be used to test hypotheses about biomechanics, the evolution of terrestrial

feeding and locomotion and how the ecological relevance influences the evolution vertebrate form and function.

This shot is for you, Kay!

Integrative studies of locomotor behavior, gait, mechanics, and motor patterns

Presently my research focus in on analyses of vertebrate locomotion in collaboration with Dr. Audrone

Biknevicius. The general goal is to examine the effects of the "sprawling to erect" paradigm in tetrapods on

locomotor evolution. But this requires quantitative data from salamanders, mammals, lizards, crocodilians, and

birds and studies of these taxa are currently underway. Eventually, we will be able to describe in more detail

how each of these taxa move and to compare and contrast anatomical and functional patterns on the vertebrate

phylogeny.

Recent studies have shown that tail dragging in alligators has wide ranging effects on hindlimb function. And

possums were found to utilize only running mechanics and trotting gaits. In addition, possums were also found

to use a “cross-couplet” linkage system to stiffen the body across diagonal limb couplets during each step.

See Science 299:400-403. or the following popular press reports:

http://www.ohiou.edu/researchnews/science/locomotion.html

http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20030122&Category=NEWS08&ArtNo=101220045&Ref=AR

Cross-couplet motor patterns in opossums using the epipubic bone to stiffen the body across diagonal limbs during trotting.

This work has led into our current studies of locomotor constraints and innovations in primitive mammals

In collaboration with Tom White (Buffalo State College) and Mike Bennett (University of Queensland) we are

studying locomotor system in marsupial and placental mammals in which different constraints and innovations

appear to have molded the evolution of locomotor design, gaits and the use of mechanical energy-saving systems.

Integrated studies of anatomy, gait, limb and axial movements, muscle activity patterns, ground reaction forces and

whole-body mechanics will compare locomotor dynamics in two important examples of evolutionary transitions of

vertebrate locomotion: from the primitive tetrapod condition to early mammalian forms and between marsupials and

placental mammals.

The work follows up on discoveries from previous NSF support showing that the “epipubic” bones lying the belly

wall in front of the pelvis and associated abdominal muscles function in a “cross-couplet system” controlling trunk

bending and footfall patterns during locomotion. The advent of the cross-couplet system (based on the appearance

of epipubic bones) and its subsequent retention in all basal mammalian taxa reveals a significant and as yet

unrecognized critical innovation in the transition from generalized amniote to mammalian patterns of locomotion.

Appearing concomitantly with the key mammalian traits of endothermy, mastication and lactation, the cross-couplet

system is hypothesized to have been a key locomotor innovation leading to the early radiation of mammals. It

remains a viable locomotor system in many primitive mammals, however, the subsequent reduction or loss of the

epipubic bones (and we propose the loss of the cross-couplet system and its constraints) appears to have freed

some marsupials and the extant eutherians from the locomotor constraints on gait and mechanics predicted for

cross-couplet system. Understanding the locomotor consequences of the appearance and subsequent loss of the

epipubic bones is therefore of great significance in mammalian evolution. Quantifying the functional consequences

of changes in early mammalian belly design is critical to understanding the radiation of locomotor abilities in higher

mammals.

Evolutionary biomechanics in tetrapods

Recent studies of locomotor biomechanics have added to our knowledge about the distribution of walking

(vaulting - pendulum-based locomotion) and bouncing (spring-like locomotion) across tetrapods and show that

these basic energy-saving mechanisma appeared with the first tetrapods to move onto land over 200 million years ago.

See this paper and these popular press reports:

2006. S.M. Reilly, E.J. McElroy, R.A. Odum and V.A. Hornyak. Tuataras and salamanders show that walking

and running mechanics are ancient features of tetrapod locomotion. Proc. R. Soc. B 273:1563-1568.

http://news.research.ohiou.edu/news/index.php?item=267

http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060310/NEWS38/%20603100383/-1/NEWS

http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/abo/ticker/802489

New book available from Cambridge University Press...

Foraging Behavior in Lizards: The evolutionary consequences of foraging mode (published August 2007)

Edited by Steve Reilly, Lance McBrayer, and Don Miles

The foraging mode of lizards has been a central theme in guiding research in lizard biology for three decades. Foraging mode

has been shown to be a pervasive evolutionary force molding the diet, ecology, behavior, anatomy, biomechanics, life history

and physiology of lizards. This volume reviews the state of our knowledge on the effects of foraging mode on these and other

organismal systems to show how they have evolved, over a wide taxonomic survey of lizard groups. The reviews presented

here reveal the continuous nature of foraging strategies in lizards and snakes, providing the reader with an up-to-date review

of the field, and will equip researchers with new insights and future directions for the sit-and-wait vs. wide foraging paradigm.

http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521833582

Also available from Amazon

Current and Recent Students

Eric McElroy- eric mcelroy@ohiou.edu

http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~em386403/McElroyHome.html

BS, Ohio Northern University - Ph.D. student - entered Fall 2003, Advanced to candidacy Spring 2005.

Eric is finishing his work on locomotor mechanicsand kinematics in lizards.

The focus of his work is on the relationship between limb morphology,

gaits, locomotor mechanics and the field relevance of locomotion and

how these patterns have evolved each time wide foraging modes appear

in lizards.

Mike Jorgenson- mj207406@ohiou.edu

BS, University of Kansas (1998) , MS John Carroll University (2006), Ph.D. student - started Fall 2006.

Mike is working on the evolution of axial function and evolution in frogs.

Using geometric morphometrics he is comparing pelvic shape in different

taxa and the quantitative studies of urostyle function and jumping

performance in frogs.

Lance McBrayer- lancemcbrayer@georgiasouthern.edu

Website: http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/mcbrayer/index.php

Ph.D. Ohio University 2002

Assistant Professor, Museum Curator Georgia Southern University

Lance is studying the evolution of the feeding in lizards. He has developed a bite force meter to measure biting

forces in lizards and is comparing force performance, morphometrics, and functional analyses of motor patterns in

a comparative ecomorphological study of different head morphologies. Lance is also studying functional, biomechanic,

behavioral, dietary and ecological patterns of lizard feeding to examine the sit-and-wait vs. active foraging modes in

lizards.

Pete Larson- plarson@anselm.edu

Website: http://www.anselm.edu/internet/bio/larsonpage.html

Ph.D. Ohio University 2003

Assistant Professor, St. Anselm College

Pete has finished work on morphometric patterns of the cranium and hyobranchial apparatus among tadpoles. He

is especially interested in the degree of metamorphosis in normal vs. more predatory forms and has begun functional

and morphometric analyses to better understand the role of cranial features in feeding function and their importance

in frog phylogeny. See Journal of Morphology. 255:202-214.

Rick Essner- ressner@siue.edu

Ph.D. Ohio University 2003

Postdoctoral Appointment with Larry Rome, University of Pennsylvania

Associate Professor, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Rick has finished his work on a study of the ecological morphology of gliding in squirrels. He is testing hypotheses

about the evolution of gliding in squirrels with a comparative approach, analyzing morphometrics, ecology, resource

use, and functional analyses of kinematics of launch dynamics and landings in certain gliding species and outgroups.

Teaching & Sample Course Syllabi

Bios 303/503 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (Winter quarter)

Bios 275 - Animal Ecology (Fall quarter)

Bios 403 - Teaching Vertebrate Anatomy (Winter Quarter)

Bios 405/505 - Quantitative Methods in Comparative Biology (Fall)

Publications (Orange co-authors are undergraduates):

1. 1982a. Reilly, S. M. Ecology of Chameleo schubotzi from Mount Kenya. J. Herpetol. Soc. Africa. 28:1-3.

2. 1982b. Hebrard, J. J., S. M. Reilly, and M. Guppy. Thermal ecology of Chameleo hohneli and Mabuya varia in the Aberdare Mountains: constraints on heterothermy in an alpine environment. J.E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Natl. Mus. Kenya. No. 176:1-6.

3. 1983a. Reilly, S. M. The biology of the high altitude salamander Batrachuperus mustersi from Afghanistan. J. Herpetol. 17:1-9.

4. 1983b. Reilly, S. M. Attempts to induce captive breeding in Batrachuperus mustersi. Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 18:12-14.

5. 1983c. Reilly, S. M. Sternotherus odoratus: Algal Relationships. SSAR Herp. Review. 14:76.

6. 1986. Reilly, S. M. Ontogeny of cranial ossification in the eastern newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Caudata: Salamandridae), and its relationship to metamorphosis and neoteny. J. Morphol. 188:315-326.

7. 1987a. Reilly, S. M. Ontogeny of the hyobranchial apparatus in the salamanders Ambystoma talpoideum (Ambystomatidae) and Notophthalmus viridescens (Salamandridae): the ecological morphology of two neotenic strategies. J. Morphol. 191:205-214.

8. 1987b. Reilly, S. M. Paradactylodon: a junior synonym for Batrachuperus. Amphibia-Reptilia. 8:283-284.

9. 1987c. Reilly, S.M. An interview with Sir David Attenborough. Papyrus 1:1-18.

10. 1988a. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Ontogeny of aquatic feeding performance in the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens: Salamandridae). Copeia. 1988:87-91.

11. 1988b. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Atavisms and the homology of hyobranchial elements in lower vertebrates. J. Morphol. 195:237-245.

12. 1988c. Lauder, G. V. and S. M. Reilly. Functional design of the feeding mechanism in salamanders: causal bases of ontogenetic changes in function. J. Exp. Biol. 134:219-233.

13. 1989a. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Physiological bases of feeding behaviour in salamanders: Do motor patterns vary with prey type? J. Exp. Biol. 141:343-358.

14. 1989b. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Kinetics of tongue projection in Ambystoma tigrinum: Quantitative kinematics, muscle function, evolutionary hypotheses. J. Morphol. 199:223-243.

15. 1989c. Reilly, S. M. Balance in Science (letter). Science 245:1032.

16. 1989d. Wainwright, P. C., C. P. Sanford, S. M. Reilly, and G. V. Lauder. The evolution of motor patterns: aquatic feeding in salamanders and ray-finned fishes. Brain Behav. Evol. 34:329-341.

17. 1990a. Reilly, S. M. Biochemical systematics and evolution in the eastern North American newts, genus Notophthalmus (Caudata: Salamandridae). Herpetologica 46:51-59.

18. 1990b. Reilly, S. M. Comparative ontogeny of cranial shape in salamanders using Resistant Fit Theta Rho analysis. In: Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. F. J. Rohlf and F. L. Bookstein (eds). University of Michigan Press.

19. 1990c. Lauder, G. V. and S. M. Reilly. Metamorphosis of the feeding mechanism in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). J. Zool. Lond. 222:59-74.

20. 1990d. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Evolution of tetrapod feeding behavior: kinematic homologies in prey transport. Evolution 44:1542-1557.

21. 1990e. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Metamorphosis of cranial design in the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum): A morphometric analysis of ontogenetic change. J. Morph. 204:121-137.

22. 1990f. Jayne, B. C., S. M. Reilly, P. C. Wainwright, and G. V. Lauder. The effect of sampling rate on the analysis of digital electromyograms from vertebrate muscle. J. Exp. Biol. 154:557-565.

23. 1990g. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. The strike of the salamander: quantitative kinematics and muscle function during prey capture. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 167:827-839.

24. 1991a. Ashley, M. A., S. M. Reilly and G. V. Lauder. Ontogenetic scaling of hind limb development in Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia. 1991:767-776.

25. 1991b. Reilly, S. M. The Snakes of Iran (review). Copeia 1991:1149-1150.

26. 1991c. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Prey transport in the tiger salamander: quantitative electromyography and muscle function in tetrapods. J. Exp. Zool. 260:1-17.

27. 1991d. Reilly, S. M. Evolutionary Innovations (review). Quart. Rev. Biol. 66:488.

28. 1991e. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Experimental morphology of the feeding mechanism in salamanders. J. Morph. 210:33-44.

29. 1992a. Reilly, S. M., G. V. Lauder and J. P. Collins. Performance consequences of trophic polymorphism: feeding behavior in typical and cannibal phenotypes of Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia 1992:672-679.

30. 1992b. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Morphology, behavior and evolution: comparative kinematics of aquatic feeding in salamanders. Brain Behav. Evol. 40:182-196.

31. 1994a. Wainwright, P.C. and S.M. Reilly. Introduction to Ecological Morphology. Pp. 1-9. In: Ecological Morphology: Integrative Approaches in Organismal Biology. P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds). University of Chicago Press.

32. 1994b. Reilly, S. M. The ecological morphology of metamorphosis: Heterochrony and the evolution of feeding mechanisms in salamanders. Pp. 319-338. In: Ecological Morphology: Integrative Approaches in Organismal Biology. P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds). University of Chicago Press.

33. 1994c. Reilly, S. M. and P.C. Wainwright. Ecological morphology and the power of integration. Pp. 339-354. In: Ecological Morphology: Integrative Approaches in Organismal Biology. P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds). University of Chicago Press.

34. 1994d. Wainwright, P.C. and S.M. Reilly (eds). Ecological Morphology: Integrative Approaches in Organismal Biology. 367 p. University of Chicago Press.

35. 1994e. Reilly, S.M. and R.A. Brandon. Partial Paedomorphosis in the Mexican stream salamanders and the taxonomic status of the genus Rhyacosiredon. Copeia 1994: 656-662.

36. 1994f. Reilly, S. M. and G. V. Lauder. Amphibian feeding behavior: comparative biomechanics and evolution. Pp. 163-195. In: Advances in comparative and environmental physiology, Vol. 18. R. Gilles (ed). (Springer Verlag).

37. 1995a. Reilly, S. M. The ontogeny of aquatic feeding behavior in Salamandra salamandra: stereotypy and isometry in feeding kinematics. J. Exp. Biol. 198:701-708.

38. 1995b. Reilly, S.M. Quantitative electromyography and muscle function of the hindlimb during lococmotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarki. Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems. 98:278-297.

39. 1995c. Vallejo, M. J., S. Reilly, R. Pyles, and M. White. Genetic variation within and across a stream in Desmognathus. Allozyme Bulletin. 28:51.

40. 1996a. Reilly, S.M. and R.A. Altig. Cranial ontogeny in Siren intermedia (Amphibia: Sirenidae): Paedomorphic, metamorphic, and novel patterns of heterochrony. Copeia 1996:29-41.

41. 1996b. Lauder, G. V. and S. M. Reilly. The mechanistic bases of behavioral evolution: a multivariate analysis of musculoskeletal function. In E. Martins (ed) Phylogenies and the Comparative Method in Animal Behavior. pp. 104-137. Cambridge: Oxford Univ. Press.

42. 1996c. Reilly, S. M. The metamorphosis of feeding kinematics in Salamandra salamandra and the evolution of terrestrial feeding behavior. J. Exp. Biol. 199:1219-1227.

43. 1997a. Reilly, S.M., E.O. Wiley, and D. Meinhardt. An integrative approach to heterochrony: distinguishing intraspecific and interspecific phenomena. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60:119-143.

44. 1997b. Reilly, S.M. and M. L. DeLancey. Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: quantitative kinematics of a walking trot. J. Exp. Biol. 200:753-765.

45. 1997c. Reilly, S.M. and M. L. DeLancey. Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking. J. Zool. Lond. 243:417-433.

46. 1998. Reilly, S.M. Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: speed modulation of motor patterns in a walking trot. Brain Behav. Evol. 52:126-138.

47. 1998. Reilly, S.M. and J.A. Elias. Locomotion in Alligator mississippiensis: kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling to erect paradigm. J. Exp. Biol. 201:1559-1574.

48. 1998. Shapes of Time. The Evolution of Growth and Development (Review). American Zoologist. 38:988-989.

49. 2000. Reilly, S.M. Locomotion in the Quail (Coturnix japonica): The Kinematics of Walking and Increasing Speed. Journal of Morphology. Journal of Morphology. 243:173-185.

50. 2000. Elias, J.A., McBrayer, L.D. and S.M. Reilly. Prey transport kinematics in Tupinambis teguixin and Varanus exanthematicus: conservation of feeding behavior in "chemosensory tongued" lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 203:791-801.

51. 2000. White, MM, Vallejo, F, and S.M. Reilly. Fine scale genetic differentiation in the Carolina Mountain Dusky salamander, Desmognathus carolinenesis. J. Herpetol. 34:298-302.

52. 2001. S.M. Reilly, L. D. McBrayer, and T. D. White. Prey processing in amniotes: biomechanical and behavioral patterns of food reduction. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A. 128:397-415.

53. 2002. S.M. Reilly. Neoteny (encyclopedia entry). Encyclopedia of Evolution, Oxford University Press, pp. 814-815.

54. 2002. S.M. Reilly. Paedomorphosis (encyclopedia entry). Encyclopedia of Evolution, Oxford University Press, pp. 853-854..

55. 2002 McBrayer, L.D. and S.M. Reilly. Testing amniote models of prey transport kinematics: a quantitative analysis of mouth opening patterns in lizards. Zoology (Jena). 105:71-81.

56. 2002. McBrayer, L.D. and S.M. Reilly. Prey processing in lizards: behavioural variation in sit-and-wait and widely foraging taxa. Can. J. Zool. 80:882-892.

57. 2003. Reilly, S.M. and A.R. Biknevicius. Integrating Kinetic and Kinematic Approaches to the Analysis of Terrestrial Locomotion. (In Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution,(V.L. Bels, J.P. Gasc, and A. Casinas, eds), et al. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers).

58. 2003. Larson, P. M. and S.M. Reilly. Functional morphology of feeding and gill irrigation in the anuran tadpole: Electromyography and muscle function in larval Rana catesbeiana. Journal of Morphology. 255:202-214.

59. 2003. Reilly, S.M. and T.D. White. Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals. Science 299:400-403.

60. 2003. Parchman, A.J. Reilly, S. M. and A.R. Biknevicius. Whole-body mechanics and gaits in the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica: integrating patterns of locomotion in a semi-erect mammal. J. Exp. Biol. 206:1379-1388.

61. 2003. Reilly, S.M. and R.W. Blob. Motor control of locomotor hindlimb posture in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J. Exp. Biol. 206: 4327-4340.

62. 2004. Willey, J.S., Biknevicius, A.R., Reilly, S.M. and K.D. Earls. The tale of the tail: limb function and locomotor mechanics in Alligator mississippiensis. J. Exp. Biol. 207:553-563.

63. 2005. Reilly, S.M., Willey, J.S., Biknevicius, A.R. and Blob, R.W. Locomotor dynamics in a semi-erect posture: integrating movements, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strains of hindlimb locomotion in the alligator. J. Exp. Biol. 208:993-1009.

64. 2006. S.M. Reilly, E.J. McElroy, R.A. Odum and V.A. Hornyak. Tuataras and salamanders show that walking and running mechanics are ancient features of tetrapod locomotion. Proc. R. Soc. B 273:1563-1568.

65. 2006. Biknevicius, A.R. and Reilly, S.M. Correlation of symmetrical gaits and whole body mechanics: debunking myths in locomotor biodynamics. J. Exp. Zool. 305: 923-934.

66. 2007. McElroy, E.J., J.J. Meyers, S.M. Reilly, D.J. Irschick. Dissecting the effects of behaviour and habitat on the locomotion of a lizard, Urosaurus ornatus. Animal Behaivour 73:359-365.

67. 2007. Reilly, S.M., L.D. McBrayer and D. B. Miles. Lizard Ecology: The evolutionary consequences of foraging mode. Cambridge University Press.

68. 2007. Reilly, S.M., L.D. McBrayer and D. B. Miles. Foreward. In Lizard Ecology: the evolutionary consequences of foraging mode Cambridge University Press.

69. 2007. McBrayer, L.D., Miles, D. B.and S.M. Reilly. The evolution of the foraging mode paradigm in lizard ecology. In Lizard Ecology: the evolutionary consequences of foraging mode . Cambridge University Press .

70. 2007. Reilly, S.M. and L.D. McBrayer. Prey capture and prey processing behavior and the evolution of lingual and sensory characteristics: divergences and convergences in lizard feeding biology. In Lizard Ecology: the evolutionary consequences of foraging mode. Cambridge University Press.

71. 2007. Reilly, S.M., McElroy, E.J and A.R. Biknevicius. Posture, gait and ecological relevance of locomotor costs and energy saving mechanisms in tetrapods. Zoology. 110:271-289.

72. 2008. McElroy, E.J., K.L. Hickey and S.M. Reilly. The coevolution of biomechanics, gait and foraging mode in lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 211:1029-1040.